Life Science_ Term 1 (2023)

Give cell its shape Transport medium for dissolved substances Storage area for water insoluble substances Storage and circulation of substances within cell

Fluid mosaic model Phospholipid bilayer Protein molecules embedded into the two phospholipid layers Provide support and flexibility

Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell Respiration (dissolved gases enter) and nutrients enter the cell Excretion Secretion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until the concentration in both regions are the same

• passive transport

The diffusion of water molecules from an area of high concentration to a low concentration across a selectively permeable membrane

Condition between turgid and plasmolyzed when a cell is placed in an isotonic solution

Cell has reached maximum tension

Molecules move from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, they move against the concentration gradient

Contains chromatin network which contains hereditary information in DNA Contains information that controls all metabolic processes Nuclear pores allow certain substances in and out Makes ribosomes

Long threads of chromosomes folded and packed loosely

Two long strands of genetic information made of sugars, phosphates and nitrogenous bases. Formed in a double helix

Contain the genetic information of the cell

Strand of DNA twisted around a backbone of proteins Thread like structures found in the nucleus

The process during which a DNA molecule makes an identical replica of itself

One full set of chromosomes that includes a single copy of each gene.

Two sets of chromosomes that include a double copy of each gene.

The process of cell division where two new identical diploid "daughter" cells are formed from diploid "mother" cell.

Development and growth Asexual reproduction Cell replacement Replacement of damaged tissues

Any living diploid cell

Stem cells

At growing points at the tip of roots and stems

Specialized tissue called Cambium

Interphase - cell grows and replicates its DNA Mitotic phase - cell divides and transfers one copy of its DNA to two identical cells

Period between two consecutive cell divisions Cell growth and DNA replication takes place Extra organelles formed

Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear Chromatin network shortens and thickens to form individual chromosomes Centrioles separate and move to opposite poles of cell, spindle fibre forms between them

Spindle enlarges Cytoplasmic threads pull double-threaded chromosomes to the 'equator' of the cell

Centromere of each chromosome divides into two The two chromatids separate (kyrokinesis) Spindle fibre contracts and pulls chromatids to opposite poles

Chromosomes arrange themselves at the poles Spindle fibre disappears Cytoplasm divides (cytokinesis) into two daughter cells Nuclear membrane forms around each group of chromosomes at each pole and a nucleolus forms

Result of uncontrolled cell division in the body

Able to invade tissues and spread to other parts of the body

The spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site.

Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs

Cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels or other connective or supportive tissue

Cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue such as the bone marrow and causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced and enter the blood

Cancers that begin in the cells of the immune system

Cancers that begin in the tissues of the brain and spinal cord

Surgery Radiotherapy Chemotherapy

The destruction of cancer cells using radiation. Treatment is carefully directed at the site of the tumor.

Using chemicals to kill dividing cells. Treatment may be administered by drip or orally.

Structure which joins to chromatids when the chromosomes are replicated

One of the two DNA threads which form part of a replicated chromosome

Sections of DNA located at specific regions on chromosomes Contain the necessary information responsible for the unique characteristics present in living organisms

Arranged at right angles to each other Control the formation of spindle involved in the movement of replicated chromosomes away from one another during cell division

Increases internal surface area of cell Makes, stores and transports carbohydrates, proteins and lipids

Small granules found in the cytoplasm of all cells Make new proteins

Those in cytoplasm produce proteins needed by cytoplasm

Those in ER produce proteins that form part of the membranes or are secreted

Consist out of a stack of membranes called cisternae Membranes pinch off to form vesicles that contain proteins and lipids

Collect molecules from the ER, pack them into vesicles and distribute them to different parts of the cell where they are needed or secreted Proteins secreted from the cell can be hormones or enzymes needed in the body Form lysosomes

Structures filled with fluid and surrounded by a membrane Control amount of water in the cytoplasm Vesicles from Golgi Bodies contain proteins and lipids

Tiny sacs formed from vesicles produced by the Golgi Body Contain enzymes that can breakdown lipids, proteins and carbohydrates

Destroy foreign material inside or outside cell Digest and breakdown food particles Breakdown dead cells and organelles

Made out of cellulose Some cells have lignin in the cell walls (extra strength) Permeable to water and mineral salts Cell walls of adjacent cells joined by thin layer of lamella

Gives cell its shape Supports and protects the cell

Cytoplasmic channels that connect adjacent plant cells

Surrounded by tonoplast Contains cell sap

Store sugars, minerals and pigments Cell sap helps give cell its shape Plays a role in the digestion and secretion of cellular waste Osmoregulation

The pressure exerted by the swollen vacuole outwards on the cell wall

Contain chlorophyll Made up of stroma Contains the NB enzymes for photosynthesis Has a double membrane

Colorless Store starch

Suspended in stroma Stacks of membrane like structures The site of photosynthesis

CO2 + H2O → C6H12O6 + O2

Refers to the experimental procedures (the method used) Repeat investigation Record data over longer period Increase sample size

Refers to the results (amount of data obtained) Control and Experimental setup Fixed variables

Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous

Send information gathered by receptors from internal and external stimuli to the brain.

• located in the skin, eyes and ears

Send information from the brain to the effectors (muscles and glands).

• located in the spinal cord, brain and body

Connect sensory neurons to motor neurons

• located in the brain and spinal cord

Produces and conducts electrochemical signals between organs of the body and the brain.

Supports, stablizes and protects the body's many organs. Consists of cells surrounded by fluid or materials.

Connect muscle to bones and bones to bones.

• located in the tendons, around muscles and under the skin

Supports, insulates and nourishes organs.

• located between organs and under the skin

Transports oxygen, nutrients, water and other chemicals throughout the body. Helps develop immunity.

• located in the circulatory system

Absorbs shock and friction.

• located near the joints and in the ear, nose and trachea

Provides framework for body and site for muscle attachment

Striated, Multinucleated Voluntary movement Attached to bones in the skeleton

Non-striated, Spindle shaped, One nucleus per fibre Involuntary movement Found in the digestive system and walls of veins and arteries

Striated, One nucleus per fibre

Involuntary movement

Responsible for heartbeat

Thin, irregular cells with large flattened nucleus Protect underlying tissue from friction and allow for movement of substances Found in the lining of the mouth, oesophagus, blood vessels and alveoli of the lungs

Elongated cells with oval nucleus, some have microvilli Support other types of cells, involved in secretion of mucus during digestion Lines the intestine

Ciliated columnar epithelium cells Cilia in lungs help trap dust particles Lines nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, female reproductive system

Square shaped cells with oval nucleus Secretory functions Lines glands

Several layers of cells , cells in outer layers are dead Reduces friction in areas exposed to heavy friction Found on the surface of skin and inside lining of mouth

Squamous cells atop of multiple layers of cells varying from cuboidal to columnar Functions in protection

Two layers of cuboidal cells Functions in absorption and secretion

Single layer of columnar cells on several layers of cuboidal cells.

Functions in protection and secretion

Cells vary depending on stretch, surface cells often large, round and bi-nucleated. Occurs only in bladder, ureter and urethra

Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ systems → Organisms