Unit 9 - Meiosis, Cell Cycle, Plants

It prepares the cell to split.

pairs of homologous chromosomes are separated from each other

results in random chromosome combinations in gametes

Prophase I; Metaphase I; Anaphase I; Telophase I

Homologous chromosomes cluster together

crossing over occurs

segments of DNA exchanged between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes

homologous chromosomes line up in middle

attachment to spindle is random

homologous chromosomes separated

move to opposite sides (poles) of cell

Spindle fibers dissolve

no form new nuclear envelope

will immediately divide again

no DNA replication between meiosis I and II

cell divides in cytokinesis

sister chromatids separated; gametes generated; similar to mitosis

results in 4 genetically unique haploid daughter cells

identical copies of chromatids

chromoesomes condense

chromosomes line up on top of each other in middle of cell

spindle attached to centromere of each chromosome

Sister chromatids separate

spindle shortens and moves to opposite ends of cell

nuclear envelope forms around chromosomes in all four cells

cytokinesis

Gametes will have different DNA which is important for evolution

It mixes parts of the chromosomes which allows for gametes to have different DNA

Development of Haploid cells into gametes

Sperm

Egg

majority of life spend as diploid adults

meiosis produces haploid gametes

fertilization forms diploid zygote

mitosis and cytokinesis produce two diploid cells

life cycle with majority of time spend as haploid organisms

fuse to form diploid zygote

meiosis produces more haploid gametes

failure of replicated chromosomes to separate during anaphase II

Most human abnormal chromosome numbers result in death of developing embryo

when humans only have one autsome

When humans have an extra autosome

A mutation in the chromosome

chromosome being flipped upside down

removal of a part of a chromosome

an addition of a chromosome

a piece of a chomosome being transferred to another chromosome

Eukaryotic Organism that produces its own food

• provide food

• produce oxygen

• material for manmade things

• provide food

• maintain atmosphere

• recycle matter

• provide materials for manmade things

• create habitats for many organisms

Life cycle that alternates between haploid and diploid phases

Non-Vascular plants with spores

Doesn’t have roots, vascular tissues, leaves, seeds, flowers

inefficient at absorbing water

Reproduce through moisture and spores

Vascular plants with spores

Has Xylem and Phloem

developed roots, stems, and sunlight

grew tall for sunlight

Cone bearing seed plants with an open ovule

seeds and reproductive structure in cones

male gametes carried by wind to fertilize femal egametes in seed cones

Seed bearing plants with a surrounded ovule

flowers contain reproductive organs

colors, designs, scents, nectars attract pollinators

They have evolved overtime to adapt to their surroundings such as developing vascular tissues, flowers, and more.

vascular tissue that transports water and dissolved minerals from roots to stems and leaves

vascular tissue that transports food from photosynthetic cells to other parts of the plant for growth or storage

made of vascular tissues

anchor plants securely in the ground

made of vascular tissues and lignin

allows plants to grow higher and supply water to plant

collect sunlight, CO2

reduce water loss

Reproductive organs of flowering plants

Protect developing flower while it is a bud

Attracts animals to the flower by being brightly colored

Made of Anther and Filament

Male reproductive structure of a flower

helps pollen be more likely carried away

Made of Stigma, Style, Ovary, Ovule

Female reproductive structure of a flower

sticky to help catch pollen

Light Energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6+ 6O2

Light Energy + Water + Carbon Dioxide

Oxygen + Glucose

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Glucose + Oxygen

Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP

(only need to know Thylakoids and Stroma)

Fluid-filled internal space of the chloroplasts which encricle the grana and thylakoids containing chloroplast DNA, starch, and ribosomes laong with the enzymes needed for the Calvin Cycle

Flattened sac of membrane inside of a chloroplast where the first stage of photosynthesis occurs

A green pigment which absorbs light to provide energy for photosynthesis

Process of plants using light energy to create glucose as nutrients

Light and water goes into Light reactions in the Thylakoid which produces O2, NADPH, ATP

NADPH, ATP, and CO2 go into the Calvin Cycle which Produces NADP+, ADP + Pi + sugar

NADP+ and ADP+Pi go into light reactions

Sugar is distributed to the plant as nutrients

First part of Photosynthesis

Light energizes electrons in chlorophyll and these electrons are used to make ATP and are stored in a coenzyme (NADPH)

water is used to replace the electrons in chlorophyll and oxygen gas is released into the air

Second Part of Photosynthesis

ATP and NADPH provide energy, hydrogen ion, and electrons

used to bind with CO2 to form sugar

Pistil

Stigma, Style, Pollen

Petal

(Stamen) Anther, Filament

Ovary, Ovule

Stem

Light Energy, Chloroplast, Photosynthesis

O2, Glucose

Mitochondria, Cellular Respiration, ATP

CO2, Water

Light, H20

Light Reaction, Thylakoids

ATP, NADPH

C02

Calvin Cycle, Stroma

NADP+, ADP + P1

Sugars

Meiosis, Spore, Mitosis, Gametes (Egg, Sperm)

Fertilization, Zygotes, Mitotsis

Diploid (2N Plant)

Haploid (IN Plant)