BZ 214 Exam One

A species that is no longer alive

Species that is currently alive

Mass extinctions open up niches that result in species diversifying to fill those niches

Paleozoic

Ordovician

An organism that has a vertebrate

A common ancestor and all of its descendants

A common ancestor and some of its descendants

Descendants and no common ancestor

A reference group that is less closely related to the group under study than the members of the ingroup are to each other

A derived (more recently evolved) character shared by two or more taxa that was inherited by a common ancestor

Ancestral (Older) character shared by two or more taxa that was inherited by a common ancestor

• Dorsal nerve chord

• An endostyle or pharyngeal gill slits

• A dorsal neural tube

• A muscular post-anal tail

True

Traits that are similar and share evolutionary origin

Traits that are similar and do not share evolutionary origin

Occurs when species occupy similar ecological niches and adapt in similar ways due to similar selective pressures

Occurs when independent species acquire similar characteristics while evolving together in the same time and space

False

Used for support, movement, protection, and storage of calcium and phosphate

Axial and appendicular

• Cartilage

• Bone

• Dentin

• Enamel

• Enameloid

• Cementum

• Dentin

• Enamel

• Enameloid

  • Cementum

Less mineralized than bone, gains its strength from amount of times it wraps around itself

Divided into dermal and endocondral

Flat bones, usually found within skin without cartilaginous precursor

Bones of the appendicular skeleton, usually first formed as cartilage

• Found in the long bones

Dermal bone - Found in ostracoderms

False - Most skull bones are dermal

Movement; either of the body itself or organs within the body

Skeletal, smooth muscles, and cardiac muscles

Muscles that move the body

Red skeletal muscles

White skeletal muscles

Line organs of the body

Muscles of the heart, combination of smooth and striated muscles, unique

Obtain and distribute nutrients throughout the body

True

False - Digestive systems vary greatly amongst organisms to account for the wide range of diets

Generally have reduced digestive systems (Lampreys)

Generally have more complex digestive systems (Ruminants)

Functions to allow exchange of gases between body and environment

By diffusion

They need to be moist and thin - Allows the diffusion to take place

Functions to transport gases (O2 and CO2), nutrients, hormones, and heat throughout the body.

The site of gas exchange

Capillaries are one cell thick (This is the same across all vertebrates)

Closed circulatory system

Blood is pumped through the body by a 2-4 chambered heart.

Certain cells within it also participate immunological functions in response to foreign substances or pathogens

functions to remove metabolic waste (primarily urea and derivatives), maintain water balance, and regulate various ions

The kidney in tetrapods; in aquatic organisms, gills and skin also play a large role.

The gametes: Sperm and eggs

Low in energy to make

High in energy to make

Females are generally larger than males as eggs require more energy

Organism lays eggs

Organism bears live young

No, sex is determined by a number of factors

Functions to integrate information and response throughout the body; senses events in external environment

Central nervous system

Peripheral nervous system

Forebrain, hindbrain, midbrain

Coordinates reflex, responses to sight and sounds

Reflex control of respiration, blood circulation, other basic tasks

Coordination of sensory input, motor dexterity, and possibly mental dexterity

Receives, integrates sensory information from nose, eyes, ears

Contains highest integrating centers

High integrating centers for chemical queues

Diencephalon and telencephalon

Pituitary gland, hypothalamus, and pineal organ

Develops in association with olfaction and other sensory modalities

• cerebrum of higher vertebrates

Varies amongst vertebrates - Mammals rely heavily on color

Myelencephalon and metencephalon

Regulates motor activity

• Develops the cerebellum in jawed vertebrates

Regulates respiration, balance, and orientation

More developed as it requires higher motor skills to maneuver on land than it does in the water

Functions in regulating and controlling various functions via chemicals

Regulated by the nervous system and regulates the nervous system

True! Every system within the body works together to maintain the organisms

• If one part is not working, it can cause issues throughout the entire body, similar to the internal workings of a computer

Hormones are chemical messengers

Hormones are released by the endocrine glands

True

Hox genes help lay out the basic body forms of many animals

• Set up head-to-tail organization

False. Hox genes have been found in both animals AND plants

A group of transcription factors that regulate other genes

• Found in clusters and expressed collinearly

• Initiates signal cascades to tell genes when to turn on and when to start laying out the body plan

True. Hox gene clusters are always the same, although there are different duplications of the clusters that result in different body plans (Example. Cephalization in chordates)

Key determining factors are

• Concentration

• Location

• Timing

  • Target gene specificity

• Neurons

• Myelin sheath

• Axon

  • Nerve

Individual cells that are the basic unit of the nervous system

Fatty insulating coat that surrounds the axon of neurons and serves to increase the conduction velocity of the nerve impulse

False. The myelin sheath is only found in vertebrates

The long extension of neurons

A collection of axon

Earliest defined “Vertebrates”

True! Ostracoderms had dermal bone in their head that acted like a helmet for protection

False! Ostracoderms had a cartilaginous skeleton, although they did have some dermal bone in their skull

An increase in body plans results in an increase of metabolic activity

True. Although there are some exceptions (such as great white sharks), bony fish are typically more active than cartilaginous fish

Birds

Some of the earliest vertebrates, only described by tooth-like elements