COM ARTS 100 UW Madison

Define problem, analyze problem, establish criteria, generating potential solutions, selecting best solution

Hasty generalization, false cause, invalid analogy, bandwagon, red herring, ad hominem, either-or, slippery slope, appeal to tradition

Don't misquote, don't violate meaning of the statements, and don't quote out of context

Attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute

Reasoning in which two similar cases are compared and what is true about the first is assumed to also be true about the second

Assumes that something new is automatically better than something old

Assumes that something old is automatically better than something new

Listening for pleasure or enjoyment

Need to have a large enough sample size, acceptable proportion of genders, different backgrounds represented, etc.

Volume, pitch, rate, pauses, vocal variety, pronunciation, articulation, dialect

Keeping the audience foremost in mind during every step of the speech planning and presentation process

Because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct or desirable

Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects

A one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech (AKA thesis statement, subject sentence, or major thought)cen

Means/medium by which a message is communicated (ex: President on tv)

Pays tribute to a person, group of people, an institution, or an idea

Listening to understand the message of a speaker

Comprehensive listening is crucial for effective critical thinking

The audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic

Listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it

Focused, organized thinking about such things as the logical relationships among ideas, the soundness of of evidence, and the differences between fact and opinion(separating fact from opinion, spotting weaknesses in reasoning, judging soundness of evidence)

Denotative- dictionary definition of a wordConnotative- meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word

Group of two people

Forces the audience to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist

Listening to provide emotional support

Don't prejudge, open mind, be courteous

Deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs

The belief that one's own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures

Expert- testimony from people who are experts in their fields (people, organizations, associations, etc)Peer- testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic

Competence- how an audience regards a speaker's intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of the subjectCharacter- how an audience regards a speaker's sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for well-being of the audience

Error in reasoning

Mistakenly assumed that because one event follows a second, that the first is the cause of the second

The message, usually nonverbal, that the listener sends to the speaker

Lack of specificity, from a biased source, not from credible sources/lack of sourcing, not novel/recent evidence, unclear point of the evidence used

Parallelism (similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words or phrases)Repetition (repeating the same word or set of words at the beginning of a sentence)Alliteration (repetition of the initial consonant of nearby words)Antithesis (joint ideas that contrast)

The sum of a person's knowledge experience, goals, values, and attitudes (different for everyone)

The broad goal of a speech (to inform, to persuade, to commemorate)

Use emotional language, develop vivid examples, speak with sincerity and conviction

Stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own

Prepare in advance, keep them simple, big enough, limited text, effective color/font, strategic images, display where they can be seen, don't pass around, display only when discussing them, explain clearly, talk to the audience (not the aid), practice w/ them

Don't overestimate what the audience knows, relate the subject directly to the audience, don't be too technical, avoid abstraction, personalize your ideas, be creative

State the specific purpose, identify the central idea, label intro/body/conclusion, use consistent pattern

General conclusion made from insufficient evidence

Hearing- the vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brainListening- paying close attention to and making sense of what we hear

A set of unstated individual goals that may conflict with the goals of the group as a whole

Explain competence, establish common ground, deliver speech w/ conviction

Adapted message to audience, know who you're speaking to (demographics and stuff), keep the desired effect of the speech in mind, keep interests and level of knowledge in mind

Makes goals ethically sound, be prepared, be honest, avoid name calling, and put ethical principles into practice

Failing to give credit from particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people

Speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding

Anything that distracts from the communication of the message (can be internal or external)

Two things being compared are not essentially alike

The person receiving the message

Central features of a speech, most have 2-5

Mean- average value of a group of numbersMedian- middle number in a group from highest to lowestMode- most frequently occurring number

The mental give and take between the speaker and audience during a persuasive speech (audience doesn't just sit there, but instead assesses what the speaker is saying, credibility, and so on, resulting in mental dialogue

What the speaker is communicating

From memoryFrom a manuscript (wrtten out word for word and read)Impromptu (little or no immediate preparation)Extemporaneously (carefully prepared and rehearsed from a set of brief notes)

Problem-solution (first main point identifies a problem, second point presents a solution) (two main points)Problem-cause-solution (first identifies a problem, second analyzes the causes and third presents a solution) (3 main)Comparative advantages (each main point explains why the speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions)Monroe's motivated sequence (seeks immediate action, if it calls for action at the end then it is most likely this)

Signal the ending of the speechReinforce the central idea (summarize, end with a quote, make a dramatic statement, refer to the intro)

Gain attention and interest (relate to audience, startle audience, arouse curiosity, question audience, open w/ a quote, tell a story)Reveal the topic (state clearly)Establish credibility and goodwill (credibility- perception of how qualified the speaker is, goodwill- perception of whether the speaker has the best interest of the audience in mind)Preview the body (identifies the main points)

Stealing ideas or language from two or three sources

-The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions (occurs in a situation where two or more points of view exist and is a psychological process)-Not something a speaker does to and audience, but rather WITH an audience

Using another person's words or ideas as one's own

A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion***sually organized topically***

A question about whether or not a specific course of action should be taken***ot about whether or not something should be done, but about what should be done (policy)***

A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action***sually organized topically***

Reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion

Reasoning that moves from specific facts to a general conclusion (ex: bro's gym class was easy, mine was easy->all gym classes are easy)

Introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion

5 step method for directing discussion in a problem-solving small group

Full sentence (not fragment), statement (not question), avoid figurative language, limit it to one idea, not too vague or general

What the speaker wants the audience to remember after it has forgotten everything else

Assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that can't be prevented

Person conveying an oral message

A single phrase that precisely states what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech

Specific purpose- what you hope to accomplishCentral idea- what you expect to say

Speaker, message, channel, listener, feedback, interference, and situation

Give thanks for a gift, award, form of public recognition

Introduces the main speaker to the audience

Presents someone a gift, award, or public recognition

Attention (gain attention of audience, using previous methods)Need (demonstrate that there is a need for change; there is an existing problem that needs a solution)Satisfaction (offer and explain a plan to satisfy the need)Visualization (use imagery to show audience how they will benefit from the policy; show better conditions that would result from the policy)Action (call for action from the audience)***ust have these IN ADDITION to need, plan, practicality

The portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade

Need (Identify the existence of a problem and a need for change by policy)Plan (Develop/identify a way to go about creating change for the identified issue)Practicality (Assess if the plan will effectively solve the problem at hand)

Introduction, body, and conclusion

Fixed alternative (fixed choice between 2+ options)Scale (Response at fixed intervals along a scale of answers)Open-ended (Allow respondents to answer how they want)

Concrete words (sight, sound, touch, smell, taste)Simile (comparison using like or as)Metaphor (comparison w/o like or as)

Be brief, accurate remarks, adapt to occasion, adapt to the main speaker, adapt to the audience, create drama (lol don't be that girl)

Quote/paraphrase accurately, use quality sources, unbiased sources, identify those quoted/paraphrased

Specific evidence , novel evidence, credible sources, clear point of evidence

Use statistics to quantify your ideas, use them sparingly, identify the sources, explain your statistics

Transitions (indicate a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another)Internal preview (let's the audience know what the speaker is going to talk about next)Internal summary (summarizes the preceding point)Signpost (statement to indicate where the speaker is in the speech (ex- first, next, finally))

Initial credibility (credibility of the speaker before he or she begins to speak)Derived credibility (credibility based on everything the speaker says or does while he or she speaks)Terminal credibility (credibility at the end of the speech)

Brief (specific case to illustrate a point)Extended (a story, narrative, or anecdote developed at length)Hypothetical (an example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation)

Speeches about objects (anything visible/tangible)Speeches about processes (systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product)Speeches about events (anything that happens/ed)Speeches about concepts (beliefs, theories, ideas, notions, principles, or the like)

Questions of factQuestions of valueQuestions of policy

Reasoning from specific instancesReasoning from principleCausal reasoningAnalogical reasoning

To gain passive agreement (to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable w/o calling on them to take action)To gain immediate action (to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy)

Chronological (in order of time)Spatial (in a directional pattern (ex:east to west, left to right)Causal (cause and effect relationship (two main points))Problem-solution (first point shows existence or severity of a problem, second shows a solution (two main points))Topical (each subtopic of the speech is a main point)

Examples (specific cases used to illustrate a point)Statistics (numerical data)Testimony (quotations or paraphrases used to support a point)