Keile's AP US Government Ultimate Review

Broad participation in politics/society by people at various statuses

Group-based activism by citizens with common interests who seek the same goals

Power to thee educated and wealthy; discourages participation by the majority of people

Bicameral legislature based on population

Unicameral legislature with equal votes for every state

Dangers of factions, need a large republic to handle said factions

Need separation of powers

Need a single, energetic executive

No reason to worry about judicial branch because they are weak losers

Congress

President

Judicial

States

Amendment

Supremacy

Ratification

Congress can regulate trade between nations, between states, and among Native American tribes

The government must observe fair procedures when it denies a person life, liberty, or property

Congress can exercise powers not specifically stated in the Constitution if those powers are “necessary and proper” for carrying out its expressed powers that are specifically stated

States cannot unreasonably discriminate against individuals. They must treat people equally

Congress cannot establish an “official” religion. This, in effect, provides for separation of church and state

Congress cannot pass a law that punishes a person retroactively

An accused person who flees to another state must be returned to the state in which they allegedly committed the crime

Congress cannot pass laws that ban freedom of worship

A state must recognize the validity of the public acts, records, and court decisions of other states

A state cannot unreasonably discriminate against citizens of other states

Federal law is supreme over state law

SPARP - Speech, press, assembly, religion, petition

Right to bear arms

No need to quarter soldiers

No unreasonable search and seizure

Grand jury, double jeopardy, no self-incrimination, due process, eminent domain

Speedy and fair trial w/ witnesses and counsel

Trial by jury over cases over $20

No cruel or unusual punishment

Rights not listed belong to the people

Powers not given to the federal government are reserved for the states

Separate ballots for President and Vice President

Abolished slavery

Equal protections for all citizens & anyone born in the states is a citizen

Black men can vote

Direct election of senators

Women can vote!!!!! :)

Lame duck, moves inauguration date to January 20th

President can only serve 2 terms

D. C. Residents can vote for president

No poll taxes

Sets up the order of presidential succession

18 year olds can vote

Gives power of judicial review

Elastic clause, supremacy clause, and 10th amendment - allowed for a federal bank that states could not tax

Commerce Clause & Elastic Clause - said that Congress couldn’t use the Commerce Clause to ban the sale of firearms

Establishment Clause & 1st Amendment - no prayer can be enforced by the government

Due process Clause, freedom of religion, Free Exercise Clause - Individuals’ religions outweigh state’s rights

Right to Free Speech & symbolic speech - Cemented students' rights to free speech in public schools

Freedom of press - No prior restraint

Freedom of speech - No speech that creates a clear a present danger will be protected

6th Amendment, Due Process Clause - Everyone gets the right to a lawyer

Due Process Clause & Second Amendment - Selective incorporation

Equal protections clause - no separate but equal

Freedom of speech - giving money to campaigns is speech

Equal protections clause - one person, one vote

Equal protections clause - no racial gerrymandering

Federal government giving money to states for specific purposes

Broad federal grants

Guaranteed freedoms and protections for individuals from government actions

Guaranteed protections from inequality for discriminated against groups

Ensures that the Bill of Rights still applies at the state level

No one is above the law

A poll on the public opinion of something

Polls that are repeated periodically to track responses

Polls that ask people how they voted when they are leaving the voting place

Democratic spending plan

Republican spending plan

Limited amounts, only given from PACs or individuals, given directly to candidates, and requires donor disclosure

Unlimited amounts, comes from individuals, corporations, or committees, given to parties (sometimes to support candidates), requires donor disclosure

Unlimited amounts of money, comes from unknown donors, given to 501c4s, no donor disclosure requirement

Regulated by FEC & IRS, limited funds from donors, aims to get a specific candidate elected

Regulated by IRS, unlimited money from anyone, no donor disclosure requirement, no $ given directly to parties or candidates

Redrawing congressional district boundaries based on a census

Dividing seats for the House among the 50 states

Signing a bill with a written statement that the executive will not carry out a portion of the bill

The idea that businesses should operate in competition relatively free from government control

When the national government distributes tax revenue to the states fro them to spend as they see fit

A meeting of all state party leaders for selecting delegates to the national party convention

Money spent on ads not sponsored by a candidate or party

A vote by 60 senators to end unlimited debate

An informal procedure used in the Senate that allows a Senator to talk a bill to death

An agreement usually among Congressional leaders, setting the terms for considering a bill

A procedure to stop a bill from reaching the floor

A procedure for getting a bill out of committee and onto the floor for a vote

Fiscal policy refers to the tax and spending policies of the federal government

Monetary policy seeks to spark economic activity

Gives courts information/facts for a case they are ruling on to try and sway how they vote

Let the decision stand

A request for the supreme court to hear a case

A court order that requires a prisoner to be brought before the court to determine if the person's imprisonment or detention is lawful

Transferring responsibilities of governing from the federal government to the state and local governments