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yeasts are ___cellular
Uni
Moulds are ___cellular
multi
sac fungi, produce ascospores
Ascomycota
sexually reproducing filamentous fungi/yeasts
Basidiomycota
Infects rye and other cereals
Claviceps purpure
can cause “hysteria”
Claviceps purpure
Responsible for the extinction of at least 90 amphibian species
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
Corn smut
Ustilago maydis
potato blight
Phytophthora infestans
Work together to create Sake; breaks down rice starch to sugars
Aspergillus oryzae
Work together to create Sake; ferments sugars
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Ascomycota, yeast
Candida albicans
Basiciomycota, yeast
Cryptococcus neoformans
reproduce mostly via budding/fission
yeast
structure name of connected budding cells
pseudohyphae
Filamentous-like structure, makes up mycellium
hyphae
Produce little # of spores
yeast
produce many spores
mould
comprised of hyphae/mycellium and conidia spores
mould
reproduce both sexually and asexually
mould
Ascomycota, mould
Aspergillus fumigatus
Mucormycota, mould
Mucorales
Fungi is a ______ kingdom
monophyletic
Sexually reproducing filamentous fungi/yeast
Basidiomycota
‘Sac fungi’, produce ascospores
Ascomycota
obligate intracellular parasites of animals
Microsporidia
Extremely reduced organisms, without mitochondria
Microsporidia
Currently under research to prevent plasmodium (malaria) from being carried by mosquitos
Microsporidia
rare, aquatic moulds
Chytridiomycota
reproduce through the production of motile spores called zoospores
Chytridiomycota
Notable species of Chytridiomycota
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
have multinucleate cells with little or no septation
Zygomycota
includes both Mucoromycota and Zoopagomycota
Zygomycota
soil dwelling, filamentous fungi, deadly human pathogens
Zygomycota
pathogens of insects, animals, and other fungi
Zoopagomycota
includes mycorrhizal fungi, food moulds, and mucorales
Mucoromycota
largest and most diverse group of fungi
Ascomycota
includes edible macrofungi (truffles and morels), important yeasts, common yeast and mould, human pathogens, plant pathogen and symbiotes
Ascomycota
Second largest group of fungi
Basidiomycota
includes macrofungi, key human and plant pathogens
Basidiomycota
Subkingdom including Ascomycota and Basidiomycota
Dikarya
cell containing 2 nuceli
Dikaryotic
Short-lived dikaryotic state
Ascomycota
Long-lived dikaryotic state
Basidomycota
Produce spores inside ascus sac, called ascospores
Ascomycota
produce spores (basidiospores) at ends of specialized basidia cells
Basidiomycota
What dis?
Ascomycota
What dis?
Basidiomycota
Involved in decomposition
white-rot fungi
Involved in human microbiome health
Saccharomyces boulardii
80S ribosomes, comprised of
small 40S and large 60S
True/False; vacuole present in all cells
True
True/False; nucleus is always haploid
False; may be haploid, diploid, polyploid, or dikaryotic
sterol-containing membrane
cell membrane
unique to fungi, similar to animal cholesterol
ergosterol
true/false: the fungal cell membrane is a bi-layer
true
true/false; fungi have an inner and outer membrane
false
Target for antifungal drugs
ergosterol
target ergosterol biosynthesis to disrupt membrane stability
Azole
directly target ergosterol (high toxicity!)
Polyene
Most unique and defining characteristic of fungi
cell wall
What is the cell wall comprised of?
Glucan and chitin
the inner cell wall is comprised of 3% chitin and ______
beta 1,3 glucan
Load bearing structural component
inner cell wall
resists hydrostatic pressure from cytoplasm
inner cell wall
Defining component of cell wall (only fungi have this in their cell wall)
chitin
Connects beta 1,3 glucan to mannan, polysaccharides, and other proteins
beta 1,6 glucan
Polysaccharide of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) (derivative of glucose)
chitin
polysaccharides derived from D-glucose
glucans
Only fungus to not have chitin in cell wall; evades host defenses
Pneumocystis
variable between species
outer cell wall
True/false; outer cell wall may be comprised of galactomannan, melanin, beta 1,3 glucan, or protective capsules
true
composed of diverse polysaccharides,
anchored to the main wall via α-1,3 glucan
Protective capsule
Allows to survive phagocytes and escape human immune effector cells
melanin
Virulence mechanism of cryptococcus; protects from phagocytes and immune recognition
protective capsule
Key virulence factor for Aspergillus species; allows for survival in phagocytes
melanin
glycolipid that anchors proteins to cell membrane
GPI-Anchored proteins
attached to the C-terminus of a protein as a post-translational modification
GPI-anchored proteins
True/false; GPI anchors are incorporated into the fungal cell wall network, and proteins are covalently incorporated into the fungal membrane
False; GPI in cell membrane and Proteins in cell wall
Chitin and glucan are synthesized at:
plasma membrane and transmembrane complexes
Mannans are synthesized in the:
ER and golgi
UDP-glucose synthesizes ___
glucan
UDP-GlcNAc synthesizes ___
chitin
Synthesized mannans transported to cell wall via ______
secretory vesicles
Small specialized vesicles that carry chitin synthases to membrane
chitosomes
good target for anti-fungal drugs
cell wall
target beta-glucan synthase to prevent glucan synthesis and disrupt cell wall formation
Echinocandin antifungal drugs
facultative anaerobes; can ferment
yeasts
obligate anaerobic rumen fungi
Neocallimastix
have multinucleate mycelium with little or no septation
zygomycota
true/false: Depending on configuration of septa, there can be free movement of nuclei and organelles through hyphae
True
Only approved anti-fungal drug
Echinocandin
Budding is a form of
asexual mitosis
nuclear division occurs at
bud neck
these are left behind on the mother cell after budding occurs
bud scars
bud scar a result of increased ___
chitin and glucan
T/F: filamentous fungi have birth scars on the daughter cell
true
more bud scars = (younger/older?) cell
older
More bud scars make it _____ for immune recognition
easier
T/F: older cells are more susceptible to stress and produce less fit daughter cells
true