AP Statistics - Full

Data near the mean are more common than data far from the mean

Tail is longer on the right

Tail is longer on the left

Shape, Outlier/unusual, Center, Spread

Flashcard: "Z-score formula calculates how many standard deviations a data point is from the mean in a normal distribution. Formula: z = (X - μ) / σ."

Can also be found using invNorm on calculator

Q3 - Q1

Data point if it is less than [Q1 - 1.5IQR] or more than [Q3 + 1.5IQR]

Average distance between an individual data value and the mean

Associations that are approximately linear on a scatter plot

Formula: ŷ = a + bx

The difference between the actual value on the scatter plot and the value on the line of the scatter plot

Formula: e= y - ŷ

Residuals on the LSRL being in a random pattern

One variable causing two another variables to change together

The effect of multiple explanatory variables on a response variables cannot be changed

Each set of individuals having an equal chance of being randomly selected

Population divided into groups or strata and use SRS to select individuals from groups

Population is divided into non-homogenous groups (ex: geographic location) and use SRS to select individuals in groups

Selecting individuals in a certain interval order (ex: every 5th person)

Biased sample that selects individuals in a ‘convenient’ manner.

Asking for volunteers instead of selecting participants

Researchers choose the participants, but refuse to participants

Anything in the survey design that might induce a SPECIFIC answer

Some portion in population not being included in right proportion

One party (researchers or participants) are blinded

Both parties are blinded

Fake treatment

The likelihood of an event happening given that another event has already occurred. It is calculated by dividing the probability of both events occurring by the probability of the given event.

P(A|B)

Compound Events (AND): Events that occur simultaneously or in conjunction. The outcome is dependent on the occurrence of both events. Independent

P(A ∩ B)=P(A)⋅P(B)

In probability, this refers to events that can occur separately or together, resulting in at least one of the events happening.

P(A U B) = P(A) +P(B) - P (A ∩ B)

One event does not affect the probability of another event

If P(A and B)=P(A)⋅P(B)

If P(A|B) = P(A)

Both events cannot occur at the same time

If P(A ∩ B) = 0

Uses the (OR) formula

A probability distribution that describes the number of successes in a fixed number of independent trials with the same probability of success.

binomPdf(n,p,x)

n = number of trials

p = probability of success

x = number of successes

A probability distribution that models the number of trials needed to achieve the first success in a series of Bernoulli (trials with two possible outcomes) trials.

Only used if standard deviation is known

Only used if experiment has only one independent variable and one group/condition

Only used if there is one independent variable and two groups/conditions